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Notes
1
For a detailed overview of soil types in Palestine, see Basim Dudeen, “The Soils of Palestine (The West Bank and Gaza Strip): Current Status and Future Perspectives” in Soil resources of Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries, Options Méditerranéennes: Série B. Etudes et Recherches; no. 34, ed. Pandi Zdruli et al. (Bari, Italy: CIHEAM, 2001), 203–25.
2
That is, relative to the soil layer found on the Eastern Slopes Zone between the Central Highlands and the Jordan Valley. In those areas, the lack of vegetation due to the high temperature and low rainfall accelerates soil erosion. Soils range from semi-desert soils to terra rossa and mountain marls, and the area is used mainly for grazing sheep and goats (Dudeen, “The Soils of Palestine”).
3
For discussions on the role of rural Palestinian villages in sustaining urban centers and producing local goods, see Khaldun Bshara and Suad Amiry, eds., Reclaiming Space: The 50 Village Project in Rural Palestine (Ramallah: Riwaq, 2015).
4
“Jerusalem stone” is a term that emerged during the British Mandate period to describe the pale limestone, dolomite, and dolomitic limestone quarried around Jerusalem and its surroundings. Traditionally, this stone served as the primary structural building material in Palestinian architecture, especially in the Central Mountain region. Since the Mandate era, however, its use has shifted mostly to cladding or facing, losing much of its earlier structural role due to changes in construction methods and materials. The name “Jerusalem stone” helped evoke biblical associations with the city, contributing to the symbolic framing of Jerusalem during that time. This change reflects broader colonial and modern influences on local building practices (See: Eyal Weizman, Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation (London: Verso Books, 2007).
5
The term “geological windows” was introduced to us by geologist Talib Alharithi, who uses it to describe exposed cuts in the ground—whether caused by construction activities or other forms of land disturbance—that reveal underlying geological layers.
6
The definition of “Khabba’a خبّأ.” according to the Lisan Al-Arab, see: Almaany, accessed April 3, 2025, ➝.
7
Nora Barrows-Friedman, host, The Electronic Intifada, podcast, episode 60, “The History of Wheat in Palestine,” June 24, 2022, ➝.
8
See the Oxfam International Report issued amid the war in Ukraine 2022, “Fears That Wheat Stocks Could Run out in the Occupied Palestinian Territory within Three Weeks,” Oxfam International, April 11, 2022, ➝.
9
The group comprised Amal Hajjaj, Basel Nasir, Batoul Harb, Dala Nobani, Dalya Yasin, Lana Judeh (curator), Layla Taher, Leyan Aruri, Tawba Alshaikh-Qasem (assistant curator), and Zena Nidal. This work was part of the exhibition “Of Mud and Iron: An Educational Exhibition on Palestinian Urbanism” (2025), supported by Sakiya and in partnership with the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center.
10
The workshop was part of Between Lime and Clay, a collaborative project by Areej Ashhab and Raghad Saqfalhait (2023–24), which also included seven other workshops, a symposium, an exhibition, and the production and screening of a film.
11
Yousef Yacoub, discussion with the authors on wheat cultivation in Ein Qiniya, 2024.
12
Carmen Badran, discussion with the authors on khabiyeh construction in Al-Jib, 2024.
13
Stephen Breuer, “The Chemistry of Pottery,” Education in Chemistry, July 1, 2012, ➝.
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